The biases must be subtle indeed if you are unable to describe one and have to resort instead to an absurd thought experiment.
(You need to be wealthy and coastal to know what a Regatta is)
If you have a number system where each place is a power of two greater than the one next to it, and only the digits 1 and 0, how do you represent the number 1033?
(This was an actual question I remember from a test, which I aced because I already knew binary but most of classmates were dumbfounded by the question)
Any question in English to a kid who grew up in a home that didn't speak English.
There are lots of studies you can Google with more examples.
On english exams (here) the question is written in native language
e.g Polish students in Poland take english exams and the "what you have to do" part is written in Polish, but the task itself challenges english skills
Usually standardized tests are in one language regardless of if you're a native speaker or not, putting immigrants at a disadvantage.
It seems reasonable, taking math without proficency in exam's math nomenclature is harder if you were learning math in other language, as far as I know you can probably ask comission to clarify stuff.
But, the original discussion started from
>Black people are currently less educated as a result of systemic racism than their Asain and white counterparts.
comparing Black people who have been in US for looooooooong time to imigrants is not greatest.
Here's basic level school leaving math exam:
https://cke.gov.pl/images/_EGZAMIN_MATURALNY_OD_2015/Arkusze...
I just went thru those questions and they seems to be almost purely mathematical (there's one question about balls in the box and counting probability (no. 25))
and also very often their description is relatively short like "solve the inequality" (27), but there's some longer questions, mostly about geometry
I'm not aware whether there's English version of this, but let's think about it for a while:
I don't think that immigrants in Poland come from English speaking countries, thus even using English on those exams would be relative disadvantage, the perfect solution would be to allow them to take it in their native language, but then we'd have to support(*) basically all languages because somebody may appear and declare that he want to take the exam
* - have people who are able capable of providing high quality translation