I think the biggest challenge is framing the issue of climate change. "Urgent action" regarding climate change is a political/ economic issue. Innovation will have to happen for sure, but replacing current infrastructure will take a long time before economic incentives line up for it to happen naturally. The incentives need to be lined up for everyone to buy in, which is difficult in systems that are disproportionately effected by any changes that need to happen.
Domestically, people will resist change when they suspect that it will leave them short changed economically, everyone has seen how it has played out when other forms of deindustrialization have ravaged large portions of the developed world. When there is no real plans for people effected by such a change, you cannot expect these people to care about the suffering of humanity in 50-100 years when policy changes will cause them to suffer greatly in the meantime. These people need to be on board or there will be political costs that will threaten to undermine it all down the road.
Then on an international level it is matter of finding consensus between many players that have very different ideas on what is fair. Many developing countries do not feel it is fair for developed countries to dictate regulation when they have already done their exploitation to become developed nations. When one of those countries is China, who emitted more greenhouse gasses than the g7 combined in 2019, it becomes a tricky path to navigate. As long as fossil fuels are the cheapest option, it can come across as developed countries making a moat, hindering other countries from catching up. That could lead to the double whammy of developed nations needing to both curtail their fossil fuel energy use, while simultaneously being forced to subsidize development of developing nations to get them on board, which is a very big ask for nations drowning in debt already. On top of that there are geopolitical ramifications that are at the foundation of any negotiation at this scale, especially when large players like China and the US are involved.
For the most part, most of these issues are ignored in popular discourse in favor of divisive rhetoric about being anti-science, probably because it is far easier politically to just dismiss them and kick the issue down the road then try to solve it because it is an extremely difficult problem to solve. Even those that are most vocal about climate change don't offer any real policy solutions to these issues outside of vague things involving printing a ton of money, going into a ton of debt or getting a ton of extra tax revenue.