Wasn't hard. The problems could be better explained, for example in the second one they should clarify that the binary tree is balanced and that each node is one character.
I found that pretty intuitive given they tell us it is a tree with 2^n-1 nodes, and that this is then umber of characters in the text file.
What I'm wondering about is what the '=' pad character means in the context of non-valid base64 (i.e. isn't it the same as the 'A' character - a null?)
Can you clarify?
EDIT: I understand now... jeez that was a run-around! Ascii encoded decimal! Thanks for the clarifying replies all over.