not surprisingly, airlines, manufacturers, and the FAA are all working together to suppress a thorough understanding.
the LA Times did a good investigatory piece at the end of last year: https://www.latimes.com/projects/toxic-chemicals-planes-covi...
When they start a jet engine, the fuel before it ignites would just blow out the exhaust. They catch it in a reservoir and pump it back into the engine to burn it off.
Well, that pump was glitching out, in some way they thought they could fix without a wrench. After about five minutes the fumes started getting sucked into the cabin, and every five minutes after they would tell us they were still working on it. What a shitshow.
The vast majority of the time the airplane is at cruising altitude, though. That air is as clean as you are going to get on planet earth.