Technically, they make most of their wealth as as unrealized capital gains. It doesn't become money until they realize the gains, at which point it is taxable income.
It's not a good idea for tax minimization to be the main goal of your investment strategy, but it seems like people can get access to a large portion of their investments without actually realizing capital gains.
That's a completely pointless question. If I own 50% of GameStop, my net worth will have gone from $650 million to $12.2 billion to $1.8 billion in like 45 days. Sure, this is an extreme example, but it happens over longer stretches of time to a ton of the richest people.
How exactly do you expect to tax that movement of those unrealized gains?
> You can get variable and fixed rate loans against your investment accounts.
That you eventually have to pay off. The money you pay it off with will be taxed.