There isn't really a modern equivalent, which is more or less the point. Not even jazz, which is distantly related.
But you can get a remote sense from something like Damien Hirst's Verity Statue, which starts from some familiar expectations of public sculpture and subverts and undermines them.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jrvX2ZrDvk
The difference is Hirst evokes horror and a Capitalist Gothic aesthetic.
Schubert is superficially more reassuring now. But at the time he was influenced by what used to be called the Sublime - which doesn't just mean excellent as it does today, but used to mean a complex state of emotion and experience that was so intense and rich it was overwhelming.
That's what's buried in Schubert's use of harmony and dissonance.
https://wmich.edu/mus-theo/courses/keys.html
"When equal temperament became the dominant tuning after 1917, the aural quality of every key became the same, and therefore these affective characteristics are mostly lost to us"
Also competing tunings on various instruments mean that the situation was never a "fix" target.
I am not saying tunings don't play a role, in fact you can hear that John Frusciante sometimes has played with slightly detuned guitar strings for effect. But it its also not so simple as such compilations of key - and - purpose might make you want to believe.
Just to give a sense of context, try this exercise:
1. Pick any modern pop song.
2. Write down every seemingly superficial aspect of the song you hear: vocoder overuse, why an cheesy electric guitar sound accompanies a certain lyric, whether a given sound is employed for irony's sake, which sounds or lyrics are allusions to other songs, etc.
3. Continue until you literally cannot think of anything else significant in the music.
If you're exhaustive you should come up with dozens of bullet points for even a short song.
Now realize that wrt Schubert, you've mentioned a single such bullet.
That is to say-- we're all missing most of the grammar of those bygone eras.