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It’s not clear whether you dislike DI in general or specifically DI containers.

I think it’s an important point to clarify because DI on its own absolutely does not live outside of the real language and while it may be much more common to use classes than functions it’s not necessary.

I agree with your feelings in relation to DI containers however.

I wasn't actually aware of the distinction. I think you're right, that what I mainly dislike are DI containers. If DI just means "passing some value to something for it to use later" - which would even include currying, really - then yeah, I suppose I don't have a problem with DI/IoC themselves.

DI has nothing to do with the differences between classes/objects and functions/closures, DI and IoC are about reusable code and being able to switch out implementations. You can do IoC in either pattern.

In Java functions/closures and objects/classes are the same thing. You have the best of both worlds. You can for instance define a function that takes an argument a and a function b and pass it either a functional lambda or a class that implements said function:

    static void doSomething(int a, Runnable b) {
        if (a > 0) {
            b.run();
        } 
    }

    doSomething(1, () -> System.out.println("hello"));
    
    Runnable r = new SomeClassThatImplementsRunnable();
    doSomething(0, r);

IoC container is not DI and IoC container is a pattern with a lot of downsides. In Ruby, I use [the doctrine of useful objects](http://docs.eventide-project.org/user-guide/useful-objects.h...), which without a gem is very clear, no meta magic and it boils down to just DI with setters and getters. Simple and effective.

And it has the power of locality over an IoC container.

That being said, please remember that a class and a closure are essentially the same thing with a different syntax.

I posted this under another reply, but yes, I didn't actually realize the distinction of "containers" and how that's just one specialization of the pattern. Containers appear to be the main thing that bothers me, particularly when the container implementation requires that all injectable entities are classes and not functions. It creates this "viral" effect where nearly everything you implement ends up having to be wrapped up in a class, even when there's no reason to do so other than the injection container.

ok! Yeah the ioc pattern is not great, there are better alternatives out there without the need of having an object dependent on the entirety of the software.

I'm curious what you think the fundamental difference is between passing configuration through functions and closures, and passing it with classes. Classes are just fancy closures, after all.

More ceremony & semantic load of course and you end up with having to define single use abstractions so that you can mock them in tests

I've long been in the pro DI camp and used to think that interfaces and brittle tests were unavoidable..

Only after i recently got into FP with f#, I've come to appreciate how i used to conflate good IoC design with DI usage.. I'm pretty sure that I'm not alone

If you find yourself creating a lot of single-use abstractions, I think you're probably doing something wrong. In particular a lot of containers (I know Autofac) support Func<> very well.

As for ceremony and semantic load, I can't argue here, though I think following DI restricts some of the semantic load that comes with abstracting mainly through inheritance and through managing stateful dependencies.

I look at classes as holders of mutable state. While a closure can technically hold mutable state, subjectively I feel there's a convention that closure captures are often treated as constant (mainly by association with the functional paradigm).

One doesn't need to think of classes that way, though. A class could hold immutable references to immutable objects/functions/whatever (these are often the easiest classes of all to reason about).

Call me a weirdo, but I enjoy using Spring DI with Scala. It's quite easy to inject into a constructor like "class Foo(f: Int => String)" even if a little bit of "manual currying" is sometimes needed.

Spring DI implies automatic DI containers, right? So how would that work with an abstract function type (as opposed to a specific class that gets instantiated)?

I actually like fairly explicit XML-based config with Spring. Something like "<constructor-arg value='#{thing.fnFor("x")}'/>" for example. Connects the pieces without relying on inference/magic.

Discussion a couple of days around .Net 5 release announcement ended up going into di vs no di.. I'm on mobile but you can get to it from my comment history

IME most in DI heavy C# code (e.g. Asp.Net Core) you're using classes but those classes are really just a set of named functions bundled together with their dependencies, not unlike a closure. It's not very common to see classes that are stateful.

I've never tried it but I'm fairly certain that most C# IOC containers should allow you to resolve functions if you really wanted to go that route.