Here's a short list: red/green peppers spinach watercress pok choi kale brussel sprouts chard cabbage peas
Just about any leafy green vegetable.
Heck, they could have ate the weeds growing in someone's garden: Purslane, fireweed, oxalys, and they would've had more than enough vitamin C.
i think it's the nature of being out at sea only eating processed reserves that made them so vulnerable to the disease.