Imagine I am implementing a service that queries 20 separate MySQL database servers to generate a report. (I'm not saying this is a good architecture, it's merely to illustrate the point.) I know that sometimes one of the MySQL instances might be down, e.g. due to a hardware failure. When this happens, my service is supposed to return data from the other 19 databases, along with a warning message indicating that the data is incomplete.

I would like to write a test to verify that my code properly handles the case where one of the MySQL instances has experienced a hardware failure. The point is that I can't do this as a strict black-box test where I merely issue calls to my service's public API.

[edit] And of course "testing the externalities" doesn't help here. I can test the MySQL instances and verify that they are all running, but that doesn't remove the need for my code to handle the possibility that at some point one of them goes down.