The whole thing is clearly not great (not just in C#). In particular - many of these problems are entirely artificial. If the type system were sufficiently dynamic, or magically psychic - the problems often go away. E.g. in the rust example - void_c didn't actually change, it was just incompatible because rustc isn't psychic. Even seemingly serious problems like an interface (~ in rust a trait) gaining a new method aren't necessarily fundamentally breaking - as long as you're not calling it. Even truly breaking changes like "best-solution-finder returns a different result and has an incompatible API" might not be breaking between in the case of a diamond dependency pattern as long as the method's side effects allow running both versions - one for each transitive dependency requesting that specific version. Even cases where the break is "real" like a rename, it'd be trivial to consider a shim that allows old consumers to use the new api.
In the vast, vast majority of cases in my experience this kind of breakage is a problem due to technicalities. That doesn't mean I have a clue how to solve that, but it does beg the question: isn't it possible for a dependency resolution system to do fundamentally better, here?