For this reason I also think use of the "uncontrolled" term is unfair, disingenuous, and even does a disservice to the public at large. It further propagates the myth that loosening already-strict controls is the same as having no controls at all.
For this reason I also think use of the "uncontrolled" term is unfair, disingenuous, and even does a disservice to the public at large. It further propagates the myth that loosening already-strict controls is the same as having no controls at all.
It 100% wasn’t. IA after the fact tried to justify their uncontrolled lending by saying they were lending out copies that were owned by the shut down libraries all over the country.
First, nobody gave them ownership of those copies.
Second, most libraries already have legal digital lending systems and so their digital stocks were going out too (which also negates IAs after the fact justification).
Let's say that for book X, IA held-in-reserve 2 copies. And at the peak of the "Emergency Library", they never loaned out more than 10 total copies.
I'm sure publishers would allege: "You created 8 net copies! Pay us!"
But then 500 physical libraries who are sympathetic to the IA show up, and say: "Amongst us, we had 1000 idle copies of X trapped on our shelves. We wish we could have done the same sort of 1-for-1 lending IA did, to help the nation in its hour of need, but we weren't set up for it, and couldn't throw it together with limited resources during mandatory-closure orders."
"So, as soon as we heard about IA's program, we endorsed it & recommended it to our physical patrons. As far as we're concerned, we delegated the right to loan our copies to IA, including retroactively."
"No net copies of X were created. Rather, if there had been no pandemic emergency forced closure of physical libraries, our copies of X would've been loaned out for a total of 40,000 library-patron-days. None of that happened, but IA's emergency lending managed to reclaim, according to their exact usage numbers, 5,277 of those days-of-use for students, scholars, and citizens. Less than 15% of the pandemic-destroyed-value."
"Now, publishers are trying to profit off the pandemic, by not only having collected their payments for all those idled books, but collecting a windfall of extra purchases, and/or damages, from a non-profit library that was just trying to offset massive pandemic losses in a technologically efficient way."
Then who are the 130 partner libraries they are talking about?
https://blog.archive.org/2020/07/22/libraries-have-been-brin...
Over 130 libraries endorsed lending books from our collections, and we used Controlled Digital Lending technology to do it in a controlled, respectful way. We lent books that we own—at the Internet Archive and also the other endorsing libraries. These books were purchased and we knew they were not circulating physically.
Also being endorsed by a library does not mean giving ownership of their physical copies.
That isn’t what happened - in your metaphor: IA started lending friends’ copies without asking.
IA only after the fact got endorsements from libraries and they certainly didn’t have agreements in place giving them any inventory.
That's relevant if the friends have grievances, but not so much the publishers.
You think it is okay to lend out other peoples property? You need a serious reality check if so.
What you're alleging they did is equivalent to someone going to their friend's house and taking something of theirs to lend to someone else without asking them. I agree that if that's an accurate assessment of what actually happened, it's a lot less defensible.
I have no idea what limitations, if any, are put on the lending of digital goods by law or by the specific terms of IA, or the terms the other libraries in question offer.
Sure, but at no point does the producer of a physical object that is being lent get a say-so in the agreement between my friend and me, or the contract between a lending business and me.
In the car rental metaphor, it'd be like Ford suing Hertz for lending me a Focus that Ford already sold to Hertz.
If I borrow a neighbours defibrillator, without asking, to save their child it would be insane for the manufacturer of the defibrillator to sue me for not buying my own defibrillator. While in theory the neighbour could object to me borrowing the defibrillator without permission, that does not appear to be what happened. Based on IA's statements it appears that libraries are saying after the fact that they were happy for their copies of books to be loaned by IA.
I would assume from their actions these publishers hoped to make a windfall on book sales when people were no longer able to access libraries and they saw IA's actions as attacking this potential profit. I can't think of any other reason why they would peruse their current course of action.
And then it turned out the friends were fine with it anyway.
https://help.archive.org/hc/en-us/articles/360016554912-Borr...
Most libraries' digital lending is completely separate from their physical lending or from the Internet Archive's scanned book program. Those digital lending systems have no relevance to this case.
IIUC libraries buy separate digital copies for digital lending. IA's justification is that they were providing a substitute for the physical copies which are now sitting unusable. It might be legally suspect but it's not an illogical position.
The publishers are saying that, regardless of the form of media, the IA engaged in uncontrolled digital lending, meaning that they lent out more digital copies of books than they actually owned, digitally or physically (or that were lent to them by their so-called partner libraries either digitally or physically). Because they did not actually own or possess the copies underlying these loans, they were required by copyright law (in the US and the EU) to either acquire more physical copies or to license more digital copies.
* lending in specified forms, which require illegal activity to make further copies, and
* lending for a specified time, which requires illegal activity to extend.
Welcome to NewSpeak, where "uncontrolled" means fairly tightly controlled.
Uncontrolled does not have to mean zero restraints. The word never meant that. Especially in a well defined context where controlled has precise meaning (and that meaning is not “every constraint”). Neither word need mean the absolute extreme.
This is not NewSpeak.
In this way, "uncontrolled" is not a fair term; rather it seems to be used for a specific, possibly unfair purpose by a specific side in this argument. The fact is, IA had specific, qualitatively-controlling controls on their lending, and anyone who checked out one of the books could see exactly what that meant. Nuances are important here.
> Essentially, CDL must maintain an “owned to loaned” ratio. Circulation in any format is controlled so that only one user can use any given copy at a time, for a limited time. Further, CDL systems generally employ appropriate technical measures to prevent users from retaining a permanent copy or distributing additional copies.
So what they are doing definitely is not "controlled digital lending", by their own definition. At best, it's semi-controlled, but the real essence of the "control" is the number of copies, so "uncontrolled" seems fair.
If they do agree with you that the paragraph you pasted is their end-to-end definition of "controlled," that means they haven't yet incorporated these other controls into their definition, and they definitely still can and should.
There's no singular time limit or definite requirement to define such things in this case, and IA have engaged lots of controls, from HTTPS and authentication on up to content-level media and time controls.
Sure, they can change their position. But A) I can't go off of what is potentially in some stranger's head and B) they would be redefining the term.
[0] https://controlleddigitallending.org/whitepaper
edit: I hear where you are coming from though. I agree it's got some "control", so you don't like the term "uncontrolled". But I think we probably agree that it isn't "controlled digital lending" even if it is "controlled" to some extent.
Also, why does it matter if 130 libraries said they were okay with the CDL program, since that's not at issue here?
Library CDL programs were still online and functioning the entire time. Only the physical facilities were closed.
As far as I know, most public libraries' electronic lending programs are using something similar to Rakuten OverDrive and are limited to books published in electronic editions and then leased by the library systems. Do you know of any libraries other than the Internet Archive that make scanned copies of physical books available?
If you find yourself in the position of needing a copy of Charles Ross' biography Edward IV (https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/m8Ojo6VI8KUC?hl=en), as far as I know you're pretty much limited to the Internet Archive (https://archive.org/details/edwardiv00ross) unless you have an open research library handy. But you'd best make it quick, because the publishers want those copies deleted.
You could now try, if the DRM allows it, and the Internet Archive only temporarily during the lockdowns, through the DRM, allowed more than one person to read the book. That is, you could have had it for 14 days, but now you just couldn't renew it anymore unless nobody reads it.
I guess the correct term to use would be something along the lines of "lending that doesn't follow the legal definition of controlled lending" or something along those lines, but that is a somewhat unwieldy phrase to use as a part of most posts.
Uncontrolled does not mean zero constraints whatsoever.
Especially when used in opposition to the precisely defined phrase Controlled Digital Lending, where controlled is a well defined set of constraints.
No longer strictly doing something does not imply it's opposite.
For example, the opposite of help is harm, and no longer helping something does not imply you are harming them, does it?
These terms are the extremes of a spectrum. Noting that you are no longer on one extreme of a spectrum does not immediately imply you are now at the other extreme.
Control of a variable—in this case the number of copies lent—is strictly binary. There is no neutral state in which the variable can be neither controlled nor uncontrolled.
This is the crux of the point. Control over a variable is not what's in question. Control over many variables is, some of which were controlled and some weren't. In that respect, if you go from a controlled process where the variables in question are all controlled to one in which some of them are, it is not now "uncontrolled", it's partially controlled, it's also partially uncontrolled. There is less control, but it doesn't make sense to call it uncontrolled where there is still control over some variables retained, and we're still using the same context which applies to the same set of variables.
Arguing otherwise is a bit like saying discrete mathematics isn’t discrete because we can represent the number one by a line of arbitrary length. That’s strictly true but has nothing at all to do with the actual definition of discrete mathematics.
No, CDL very clearly outlines 6 different criteria by which it should work.[1] One of those criteria is:
limit the total number of copies in any format in circulation at any time to the number of physical copies the library lawfully owns (maintain an “owned to loaned” ratio);
It does not state 1:1, just that some ratio is maintained, and even if that one criteria were to be ignored, there are 5 other criteria just as important to the process, such as ensuring that each digital copy goes to a single person, and that the digital copy prevents additional copying, and that it's limited by time.
Whether they qualify for the moniker of CDL when not following one of those six criteria is debatable, but notably it's not what we're debating here, which is whether it's accurate to call what they did "uncontrolled" because it was called controlled previously (even if that's a name library marketing made up for this). Given all the other controls in place (likely every other criteria listed for CDL), I would say it definitely was not "uncontrolled".
You've not made any counter claim here. You've left me guessing which criteria you mean to include some type of control, so I'll go through them all.
ensure that original works are acquired lawfully; This isn't really about controlling anyone but themselves and is also part of what did not appear to happen in the NEL.
lend each digital version only to a single user at a time just as a physical copy would be loaned; This isn't meaningfully different than maintaining the ratio.
limit the time period for each lend to one that is analogous to physical lending; and In the absence of maintaining the ratio, the length of duration is meaningless, since the same person can just check out the book again.
use digital rights management to prevent wholesale copying and redistribution. Again, without maintaining the ratio, what control does this achieve?
>> limit the total number of copies in any format in circulation at any time to the number of physical copies the library lawfully owns (maintain an “owned to loaned” ratio); > It does not state 1:1, just that some ratio is maintained,
This is a difference without distinction. Sure, they could be loaned at a ratio less than 1, but they cannot, by definition, loan at a ratio greater than one.
> Whether they qualify for the moniker of CDL when not following one of those six criteria is debatable, but notably it's not what we're debating here, which is whether it's accurate to call what they did "uncontrolled" because it was called controlled previously
These are not separate debates. There's context behind the use of the term 'controlled'.
That only makes sense if you assume the ratio is infinite if above zero. This matters in any case where the ratio is not infinite.
> Again, without maintaining the ratio, what control does this achieve?
Combined with limiting the time period the lending is allowed, which you conveniently left out, it's controls the scope entirely. Even if you allow unlimited copied, you can change that and if the copies are all limited to one week and are cannot be copied by users, in a week you can have effectively reduced number of items lent to zero if you want. Without these constraints you can't. They are integral to the whole idea of CDL.
> This is a difference without distinction. Sure, they could be loaned at a ratio less than 1, but they cannot, by definition, loan at a ratio greater than one.
Sure they can. Their justification for why they believe it's legal does not allow a ratio of above one, but almost all the other criteria still applies when it is above one, and specifically, what the IA did was lend at a ratio above one. Your other points about how stuff doesn't matter if the ratio is one are specifically avoiding this point.
My point is simple. CDL would not work from a legal perspective if there was not some way to limit the time in which the item was lent and prevent copying just as it would not work if there's not a physical copy backing the lending. To say it's uncontrolled because only one aspect of all those parts that make the whole makes no sense.
That's akin to having a dog restrained with a leash, harness and muzzle, and after the muzzle is removed, saying the god is unrestrained. The dog is restrained still, just less so than before. The IA lent books in a controlled manner (an account is required, there was DRM, there were limits on length), it was just less controlled than before, because they did not back each digital copy with a physical one.
That there were clearly some controls in place means that it's erroneous to call it uncontrolled.
Feel free to respond and refute as you see fit, I'll read and consider what you say, but I won't respond on this particular thread anymore. I think we've spend enough time on this that it's unlikely to tread fruitful new ground that will change either of our minds, and we could probably go back and forth on minutia for quite a while.