For the third case it’s better to just abort. Tell the user to get more RAM or something. What are you supposed to do when you’re out of memory? Catch the exception? Then what?

Related, I always find it funny when C programmers write `if (malloced == NULL) return NULL;` Either you’re going to forget that this can happen and dereference null (in which case it’s just better to abort the program immediately) or the caller will check this and then close the program. If it doesn’t, the next malloc will be null anyways, and the problem repeats. Just call abort().