it's a form of photosensitivity, maybe similar to [this form of epilepsy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosensitive_epilepsy). i also don't do great with 3D movies and if I don't have something concrete to focus on ~50 feet in front of me, I'm prone to motion sickness)
while i'm reading the dark mode text i'm generally ok, but when i look away i get scrolling almost-horizontal light-and-dark bars in my vision and extreme nausea for a few minutes, milder auras, cramping and nausea for several hours and don't feel "myself" for about a day. i've never been in a situation where it happened and I couldn't walk away (i'll either lay down or sit facing a blank wall) but I'm guessing I'd get what doctors diagnose as a concussion (i've had several triggered by similar things without evidence of impact)
i haven't gotten a medical diagnosis, but assume it's a combo of being capable of extreme focus (both intellectual and athletic) and being prone to electrolyte imbalance
on my best days, I can handle dark mode for a few minutes without symptoms. and over time I've had more and more "best" days (mostly through managing electrolytes) so possible that i'll eventually not have to worry about it
I appreciate both the query and the intent to act on the info :) Not only for this particular set of symptoms, but more generally - visual designers have wide audiences and it must make for an interesting and at times frustrating set of trade-offs