Two more recent ones beyond Earth orbit:
The MarCO cubesats that flew past Mars in 2018 used Linux and Python with an off-the-shelf single board computer and camera: https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/pdf/10.2514/6.2016-2491
The Mars 2020 rover launching next month carries a helicopter that contains a phone SoC running Linux: https://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/Publications/files/Balaram_A...