Dividends are direct payments to investors who will presumably stay investors — the buy back is a ‘buy out’ of existing shareholders.
There are quite a few more reasons a buy back is different from a dividend - but probably the most interesting bit is this: for a massive company with limited places to compound their retained earnings, by buying back stock the company pays all the dividends it would pay in perpetuity immediately in that instant. This is all fine and sometimes prudent in a net present value equation.... as long as the cash flows remain consistent*
*which is now the issue at hand with Covid-19
I don't think that's true at all. Every day there's massive liquidity -- buying and selling -- of any publicly traded stock.
Buybacks are generally implemented gradually over time, to the best of my knowledge, and are simply buying the shares people are selling daily regardless, the existing liquidity.
Obviously because there's slightly more demand, the price creeps slightly higher, and a margin of people decide to sell (e.g. for $201) where they wouldn't have sold slightly lower (e.g. for $199). But obviously those people were generally looking to sell in the first place.
So the idea that buybacks somehow discourage or reduce investing or discourage long-term investment seems totally mistaken.
If this is a truly capitalistic society - what should really happen is that all the bought back stock needs to be reissued (sold back) into the market — but that would create excess supply, reduce price, then freak out everyone’s 401k.
Finance is a crazy web and really cool - but massively complex. So you are right that there is liquidity every day, but that liquidity does not affect the total number of publicly traded shares until the purchaser is the corporation itself (the buy back).
The real screwed up compounding variable in liquidity is who is actually buying (awesome when it’s actual primary investment aka private fundings and ipos, and messy when it’s the secondary market aka the ticker price) — guess what’s even more messy: Passive Funds like ETFs. Passives (where 401ks live) are now the primary vehicle of investment for average America so really no individual investor is actually buying an individual stock- instead you buy a ‘share’ in a prorated basket of stocks based on ratios set in investor agreements (vanguard ishares etc).
When money goes into the ETF, the fund buys 10% x, 10% y... so on of the basket of stocks they market. No earnings have changed, no cash flows, but external secondary market forces now drive the market.
This is what Michael Barry (of the Big Short) is waiting for next - along with Water, which will be the next decades issue.
But your main point in this comment seems to be:
> If this is a truly capitalistic society - what should really happen is that all the bought back stock needs to be reissued (sold back) into the market...
But why should stock buybacks have to result in shares later being reissued, and what on earth does that have to do with "true capitalism"?
None of that makes any sense at all. The entire point of a buyback is to raise the stock price, as an alternative to issuing dividends. Saying that stock needs to be reissued later is like saying all dividends ought to be paid back by investors in the future. It doesn't make sense, indeed defeats the entire point.
This may be what people say now adays (the price going up is the reason for buy backs), but when I went to school and worked on a Convertible Notes desk, the stock price going up is not the reason to issue buy backs - it’s usually because you think your price is so cheap and you can reduce your cost of capital by removing the stock from circulation. The nouveau riche way of doing things is — well we can give you 100% of the cash back now, instead of paying a 5% dividend for x years (x because of compounding / whatever else is your assumption).
[Edit: now that I said this, it sounds a lot like packaging up seemingly derisked assets and marking them as safe (aka CDOs from The Great Financial Crisis (GFC)]
The ETFs are important to understand the full landscape of liquidity - but yes, point taken.
So to your question — in a pure free market, a corporation would tap the shareholder base (like Warren Buffetts cash, like he did in 08) rather than a TARP like agreement. The reason we did TARP was because the engine was seized up (Banks had effectively no funds to lend because a few lost all their assets) — right now it doesn’t look like the engine is seized up (no big hedge funds or banks have blown up [yet I guess]). So really, the company should issue new initial stock back to a Buffet or someone similar at a discount. But the discount is what would make everyone’s portfolio look awful.
So because the government shut everything down - we say... well we made you shut down, so we will take the hit here.
But really the nuance is that, had these airlines not financed buy backs with cheap debt, they could have weathered this storms themselves. These airlines were making so much money they were never thought to be able to lose money again! Matt Levine just put out a great piece on it [0]
So in the free market (and consequence lens), these buy backs financed with debt was a bad business decision - so the natural consequence is to just unwind the transaction, sell back into the market for 80Bn, and restart. Prices would take a serious, serious hit, but the new direct investors would be rewarded with a recovered share price. They would literally be buying the dip.
And just for added info, investors are bailing in these airline stocks because if the gov’t comes in like last time, the shareholders were wiped out first, then the company is allowed to recover. (Fannie and Freddie are still not private... the day that happens, will be a $100Bn transfer from the gov’t to the people)
[0] https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-03-17/the-go...
And people wonder why anti-'intellectualism' is on the rise. When you see this sort of stuff happening over and over and over again, you start to think that maybe believing people or giving their ideas more credit because of the letters after their name might not be a great idea.
I think its sad, the legitimacy the sciences brought to education and its institutions is being eroded and abused by non-science folks who dress up all their BS in scientism and use that legitimacy to push it onto others.