I am planning to solve this =) just cracked the inner workings of ANNs (future SHOW HN) and am going to read a book on computational neuroscience tomorrow.
That said, in the few years of experience I've had with ANNs, they really do seem like an intuitive analog for human learning, at a high level. And thinking about training problems in this way, approximately "what kind of training data would I need to train a small child to do this" can be more helpful than one might have otherwise expected.
I think we're just a handful of major breakthroughs away from true AI, assuming compute and memory continue to scale. Certainly within 100 years.