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If you're talking about TimBL's Solid, I wouldn't call that a social network: it's a set of specifications for data storage, on top of which people could build a federated social network.

(Disclosure: I work at inrupt, TimBL's startup, but this is my personal opinion.)

What's the difference? Is it that P2P lacks a central server but federated is distributed servers (i.e. no single central server, just a bunch that can authenticate against each other)?

Federated: there's a distinction between clients and servers.

P2P: there are only nodes.

No.

P2P: leaf nodes can communicate directly to each other. The network can be flat or structured. There can be more important nodes or not.

Isn't GUN the one with the lexicographical LWW? It may allow peers to communicate between each other, but I would fit separately from WebTorrent or SSB.