Ironically, one of the reasons I went with Android instead of iPhone last time I bought a phone was that I could use my MacBook charger with it.
Sure, you have 1 more cable to throw in your bag but it's not a big deal.
So you would need compatible cables to make fast charging work, and then it will only fast charge up to 80% and then slow down.
USB-PD is the standard for power delivery and Apple (and Google) both rely on that, so if it's USB-PD compatible it'll support the quickest charging it can handle.
Unless explicitly negotiated by both ends, every USB-C charger outputs the same boring 5 volts as classic USB, so the headphones should charge just fine.
The only time things break is when you attach a broken charger that outputs 9 volts onto a wire that's supposed to be doing 2 volt signals.
In fact, I am doing it right now.
Output on the adapter reads: 5v@1.5A/15v@2.6A
The switch dock demands 39 watts, which implies 15 volts, but the switch itself will negotiate any voltage when standalone.
That should be fine. There's a protocol for the charger and the device to communicate and decide what power to charge at.
Also some devices don't support anything else but USB-A to C cable that comes in a box. That's why I returned JBL Charge 4 and got Anker Soundcore Motion+. Much crispier stereo sound at expense of some base.
Unfortunately a lot of devices are out of spec like the Nintendo switch which can be damaged by an in spec charger.
This is a change (like Flash) that Apple forced and should be credited for.
Well I am not happy with the change, because I don't want to be the hostage in that plan of "changing the future". I want my stuff to work and get things done. I don't want to struggle to change the future. I don't want to force everyone. I want stuff to work.
Apple providing USB-C ports in addition to USB-A sockets would have been great. Apple removing USB-A is a major problem for some of us.
Once peripheral makers etc are already have in house experience and knowledge with USB C thanks to their phone departments, it makes far more sense to release USB C peripherals even at the desktop level, so the removal of USB A ports from the MBP likely played a very small to no role in the transition.
Even if the MBP had both USB C and USB A ports, peripheral makers would likely have preferred making their peripherals USB C compatible.