Given that the US is widely acknowledged to be one of the most progressive tax systems in the world, the burden of proof required here is far higher than the article attempts.
"Progressive" is being used here as a technical term with a specific, greed-upon definition[1], not as a description for the leftist political movement that shares the term.
And yes there are lots of objective measures of progressivity: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_tax#Measuring_prog...
A good, brief, summary is - https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/04/05/ameri... - and there is also this in the Economist which explains the issues around spending in more detail - https://www.economist.com/united-states/2017/11/23/american-...
Exactly. The US can certainly be considered particularly progressive on some measures, but not all of them. For example, see the linked article.
Yes, it still sounds arbitrary and suspicious. Whiff of p-hackery.