My hunch is that you have a blind spot that’s getting you flagged at the recruiter stage. I’ve interviewed a ton of devs, I’d be happy to run through a sample interview and give you feedback if you’re up for it.
Find any way you can to gain practical experience. Internships, consulting, open-source. Really anything. The bonus is that you'll gain confidence through this path as well. You'll know you're capable of doing the full job (not just the work).