This article is like a game of telephone. The cited study finds that all corrosion of all types worldwide is a 2.5T problem. Shipping is a small fraction of that. Hard to trust the article after such a trivially false statement in the title.

Notably, the economic impact of the entire shipping industry is under 500B [1], which ought to cast doubt over the whole article.

[1] http://www.worldshipping.org/benefits-of-liner-shipping/glob...

Also @dang the article should link to the original at https://www.scidev.net/asia-pacific/r-d/news/mango-leaf-extr...