This sounds entirely tractable. Institute a carbon tax. In addition, create a tariff on all imports from countries that don’t have an equivalent bona fide carbon tax at the same or higher rate, and set the tariff such that it recovers 150% of the deficiency in taxes vs emissions. The tax needs to be transitive: if countries A and B don’t cooperate and country A reexports something from country B, the tariff needs to account for B’s failure as well.

Make the carbon tax revenue neutral, and pitch it as leveling the playing field and a boon to the local economy.

Sure, there are tons of details to work out, but I think this should be doable.