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I always thought that carbon/green certificates taxes go towards environment/renewable energy, but I'm probably too naive...

How to minimize the Tragedy of the commons effect? Where countries don't want to impact their economic growth because other countries won't impose such taxes, therefore some production will move there.

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Good question. The answer lies in multilateral agreements (Paris etc.) and in so-called Border Carbon Adjustments. The latter have to be implemented carefully so as not to violate any WTO rules [0], but it's possible.

[0] https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/TPC_201...

>How to minimize the Tragedy of the commons effect? Where countries don't want to impact their economic growth because other countries won't impose such taxes, therefore some production will move there.

This was the point of the Paris Agreement.

The Paris agreement did nothing about this. It is completely non binding. The actual emissions reduction plans (INDCs) were drafted by each country and not negotiated.

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