It's not correct. The rocket equation is exponential for delta-v, not for altitude. Getting to 2km could easily be free once you've hit 1km, if your rocket is traveling fast enough at 1km when it cuts out to coast much higher.
It's getting to, say, 2 km/s that takes more than double the fuel of getting to 1 km/s. It's not a simple relationship though (like say the inverse-square law); it's related to propellant velocity, which for chemical rockets is in the neighborhood of 4 km/s. Reaching velocities greater than your propellant velocity is where the exponential ramp really starts to take off.
And no, it's not just mass either. If you have a rocket that sends mass M to velocity V, then double the size of the rocket and it'll send mass 2M to velocity V. The rocket equation tells you the ratio of fuel mass to payload mass required to reach any given delta-v. That's what grows exponentially as the desired delta-v grows.