I'm curious to know how this happened. Would you mind sharing more info?
As I understand it, the only way for an app to 'charge you on the play store' is to:
1) Be a paid app (in which case you pay before the app starts installing), or
2) via in-app purchases, which are handled by the app initiating the IAP, and then Play services taking over to ask for confirmation.
In either case, the transaction is only confirmed by a user action (tapping a button) with the app having no control.
Sure, it's possible for an Android app to trick you, by covering everything apart from the button with something fake, but I'd be surprised if such an app found its way into the Play Store.