> Unless you're claiming that hospitals only gouge some tiny subset of people and are benevolently generous to everyone else, that number is going to be much closer to 100% than 0.1%.

Actually, yes. Doctors and hospitals have relationships. When a hospital is aware that a good referral source referred them a patient, they will try to keep the patient happy to maintain that source of business.

They're very selective about who they try to screw.

Now if you walk in with no referral and no family doctor, then you're their source of profits and the party they'll try to milk.