A bit more pop-sci, but i found this book a great read about how we went from simple on/off relays to full blown microprocessors.

Code: The Hidden Language of Computer Hardware and Software by Charles Petzold

In Ben Eater's breadboard-computer videos https://eater.net/8bit he recommends Digital Computer Electronics by Malvino and Brown. (I haven't read it yet myself.)

https://www.amazon.com/Digital-Computer-Electronics-Jerald-M...

Nand2tetris will teach you.

Apparently somebody even built a CPU in minecraft. I've never read it so I cannot really vouch for it.

https://minecraft.gamepedia.com/Tutorials/Redstone_computers

"homebrew CPU" is a good start. You'll find numerous projects, many of whom list the resources they used.