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An area of FPGA development and process that I generally don't full grasp is how to interact with FPGAs in a high bandwidth way with a computer. That is, say I want to use an FPGA to process output from a high bandwidth sensor, operate on it, then make that available to a process. What does that look like practically?

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It might help to elaborate a little - are you asking about how your device would be connected to the computer (USB, Ethernet etc.) or how each end of those protocols is implemented, or something else? And what do you mean by "high bandwidth"? I'm not really qualified to answer you anyway, but I know you can implement things like USB and Ethernet in an FPGA, or you can use separate ICs that handle these things by exposing a serial or parallel interface to your FPGA (UART, SPI etc.).

Yeah I mean I guess I'm looking for what options there are for interfacing with computers in a standard way. I get needing to implement something like SPI or I2C or etc but I'm curious to know what the best options are, especially if you are wanting to interface with PCIe.

Is it best to interface directly with the PCIe bus from the FPGA? Is it better to abstract with some kind of IC? Is the board or the computer the master clock? Is there some kind of encoding scheme that needs to be adhered to?

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