From my own personal experience, F# got Microsoft into a lot of hedge funds, prop shops, and other places with math/physics staff that like functional languages that would otherwise have been Unix-focused.
Can you give me one example of a hedge fund that uses F#?
It makes sense as well if you follow the history of most of these trading firms. Most of them started out just manipulating excel spreadsheets. Then brought in vb macros and such and then from there some diverge into java or go straight to some functional programming solution like ocaml with jane street, but others stay tied to msft with C#. Then F# comes along and allows intelligent developers at these msft firms to express themselves more clearly when dealing with the type of math problems they are solving.
If the firm is using C# I am almost certain that F# is in the mix there as well.