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There's got to be more to it than "has / doesn't have nil". Lisp has nil, and I rarely if ever see an analogous error there, or even a type error.

I have a hunch that single/static dispatch is what tends to cause more problems than merely the presence of nil. It's not nil, but how you use it.

"It's not nil, but how you use it."

Can you elaborate on how multi-dispatch reduces the issue of nil/null?

I also use static type (typescript) to prevent issues with nil and would like to know how I can achieve the same in a dynamic language.

You can prevent nil errors using contracts like in Eiffel and Clojure.