That all sounds like a starter pack for arguing like undergraduates--one accusing the other of this fallacy that, while being insufficiently critical of--or even outright oblivious to--the premises they're starting from.

Would probably be better served digging into epistemology, all of the great philosophers, and if you want to start getting mathematical about it, look into Judea Pearl's books.

For something less academic, Ray Dalio is a surprisingly good resource in this area.