> Using Yale economist and recent Nobel-prize winner William Nordhaus’s $31-per-tonne estimate of the social cost of carbon, it amounted last year to $107 billion for energy-related emissions from oil and natural gas in the U.S. Within that, emissions from transportation — the biggest source in the U.S. and the only one still growing — enjoyed a free ride worth $59 billion.

But what is the net tax/subsidy in plain monetary terms? I just did a cursory bit of Wikipedia research so I may have gotten something wrong, but the article neglected this aspect completely:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_subsidies#United_States

> On March 13, 2013, Terry M. Dinan, senior advisor at the Congressional Budget Office, testified before the Subcommittee on Energy of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology in the U.S. House of Representatives that federal energy tax subsidies would cost $16.4 billion that fiscal year, broken down as follows:

> Renewable energy: $7.3 billion (45 percent) > Energy efficiency: $4.8 billion (29 percent) > Fossil fuels: $3.2 billion (20 percent) > Nuclear energy: $1.1 billion (7 percent)

$3.2 billion in fossil fuel subsidies (including categories besides motor fuel), versus...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_taxes_in_the_United_State...

> Federal fuel taxes raised $35.2 billion in Fiscal Year 2014, with $25.0 billion raised from gasoline taxes and $10.2 billion raised from taxes on diesel and special motor fuels.

That's not counting state taxes, which are even higher:

> The United States federal excise tax on gasoline is 18.4 cents per gallon and 24.4 cents per gallon for diesel fuel... On average, as of January 2017, state and local taxes and fees add 31.04 cents to gasoline and 31.01 cents to diesel, for a total US average fuel tax of 49.44 cents per gallon for gas and 55.41 cents per gallon for diesel.

So about $80 billion in net taxes, which exceeds the estimated social cost of carbon from US auto emissions. Of course, fuel taxes go toward the maintenance of infrastructure for motor transportation, circling back and resubsidizing it, but electric vehicles enjoy the same benefits from that maintenance (as well as other subsidies for the generation of the electricity that powers them).