I'd certainly imagine a lot of people would resent having a person take away their stuff more than luck/nature doing so. If someone stole my phone, I'd be angrier than if it had fallen out of my hand and off a cliff; if someone stabbed me in the heart, I'd be angrier and more likely to entertain fantasies of revenge than if I had a heart attack.
Also, ceteris paribus, if you get ill and you've worked harder, you'll have more resources to help yourself, so you'll be less likely to be broke by the end of it. Under this system, how hard you worked doesn't increase your expected amount of money next year.
Also, all the rich would immediately flee the country.