At least these languages (that I know of) have macros:
http://boo.codehaus.org
http://nemerle.org
http://www.perl6.orgLisps might not be the only languages with macros, but they're the only ones with elegant and easy to use macro systems.
You could argue of course this is a moot point, since even Lispers only write macros infrequently. So who cares if it's hard to write one on the rare occasion you need to?
>> a: [ 300 3 ]
>> insert a 'add
>> probe a
[ add 1 2 ]
>> print first a
add
>> do first a 100 1
== 101
>> do a
== 303
>> f: func [] a
>> f
== 3
>> change second :f 'subtract
>> f
== 297
From * Io * example below I would say it's a little different. It's more like it has a runtime api to change/generate it's runtime. I think SmallTalk has something similar to this.
* Factor * has compile time macros. At runtime it has quotations, which are blocks of code (separate from it's other data strucures I think, but don't shoot me if I'm wrong) that can be modified and executed by your code with few specific words like curry and compose. This means you have a little less freedom than in rebol where block of code is in no way different than a block of data. What is awesome about factor is that it also compiles quotations at runtime.
Otherwise Factor is very very cool, and I envy some runtime features of Io a lot.
And Python has as little to do with lisp as Visual Basic. Python is the world's best dynamic Imperative lang IMHO :)
In Io, all code is data. Below is an example of changing a functions behaviour (from addition to subtraction):
Io> plus := block (a, b, a + b)
==> method(a, b,
a + b
)
Io> plus call (1, 2)
==> 3
Io> plus message next setName ("-")
==> -(b)
Io> plus
==> method(a, b,
a - b
)
Io> plus call (1, 2)
==> -1
There are few properties about concurrency, coroutines, embed-ability, and I suppose nice process of making bindings that I value really a lot and Io HAS. Looking at your example, I will definitely look again at Io. Thanks!
Its homoiconic but its not a Lisp. And it doesn't have macros yet its code is fully inspectable/modifiable at runtime in an very easy & elegant way.
For eg. if you wanted to have a line like this:
list(1, 2, 3) each foo bar
list(1, 2, 3) foreach(foo bar)
List each := method(
m := call message
m setName("foreach") setArguments(list(m attached)) setAttached(nil)
self doMessage(m)
)
Here is a better example of how it works: http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=1627777
This simply isn't true. In fact it's so far from the truth it hurts my brain. Well written Lisp applications are in large part (and sometimes mostly) macros. PG once mentioned that the ITA guys said over half of their codebase is (was?) macros.
For my own code, it consists of maybe 10% macros. I would say the same is true for PG's code (for the hacker news app- The arc core libraries have more macros but are a special case.)
Unless, of course, if you mean _calling_ macros- I would agree that Lisp code often has 50% of its calls be macro calls instead of function calls.
Macros are like 2nd-amendment rights. You hope you never have to use them, but when you do you'd be in a world of hurt without them.
In Perl 6, you extend the active grammar within a delimited scope.
Furthermore, when adding syntax you are not limited to a Lisp-style grammar.
You aren't limited to Lisp-style grammar in Lisp either. You can write reader macros if you have to. The point is, that on a basic level manipulating s-expressions is far easier to think about than manipulating the syntax of whatever the flavor of the day language is. You're essentially trying to invent reasons why macros in other languages are the same as Lisp macros and it's simply not true.
And this is a very good point because you can add things like XML grammar to Perl6: http://github.com/krunen/xml