Note: CTF is a very different kind of thing than what we are doing here. In CTF, usually, there is some clear sense of a goal and you are (as you note) given a measure of how close you are, or at least told when you've Ced The F. In mystery languages, there is no well-defined end and there is no measure. Also, your job is not to break one thing, but rather to break the difference between multiple things. That kind of «differential reasoning» is its own separate sort of activity.
As an aside, real life often does not give you a measure or an indication of when you're done. Sometimes, maybe, you've set yourself your own goal (e.g., to steal a particular resource), and then you may be able to tell. But otherwise, especially when it comes to learning new things (like programming languages), I'd say this is a more authentic learning activity. Indeed, it grew out in part from my trying to reflect on how I myself approached a new language. So, at least, it's more authentic to me. (-:
This seems like splitting hairs. You could wrap this differential reasoning assignment in a function that returns true iff the outputs are different and achieve the same CTF-style behavior. The only difference here is that students get one assignment at a time instead.
I would love to record and publish the videos. However, the moment I do, I have essentially published the solutions to the homeworks. It's very hard to reuse them again. But mystery languages are really difficult to generate (especially with the additional constraints that we explain in the SNAPL paper), as there are only so many meaningful variations to go around. So, no.
You are very right that PAPL doesn't incorporate them at all. Part of the issue is the above. But part of it is also, now that I am getting really comfortable with this being a notable portion of my PL course, what becomes the nature of a "textbook" for such a course? I've struggled with this question before: I taught a (I think) really good software engineering course, but couldn't really can it into a book. I feel the same way about this now. But it means PAPL may end up being less a (half) PL textbook and more some other thing that is still being formed in my mind…