Thus far I have to send binary data as base64 encoded strings! See react-native-fetch-blob for an example, when I read a file.
Current state:
Example, issue: https://github.com/facebook/react-native/issues/1424 (closed but not solved, quote: "We are trying to keep issues focused on bugs and this is more of a feature request")
Documentation for native modules, which kinds of data can be sent back to Javascript: https://facebook.github.io/react-native/docs/native-modules-... (here the iOS docs, but it's the exact same for Android/Java)