The way the location tracking works is simply by logging what phone connected to the cell tower, at the tower itself. To be able to adjust the power the radio component needs to output (to get a good signal), it needs to know the distance to the tower. You get location by then correlating with multiple towers, because the phone has to choose which one it has the strongest reception to, and therefore has to gather data from all nearby towers.
In short: that’s not how a SIM card works.
I can't tell if this is true or false, but it seems that in either case, access to the SIM can imply access location data:
> With the all-important (and till-now elusive) encryption key, Nohl could send a virus to the SIM card, which could then send premium text messages, collect location data, make premium calls or re-route calls.
[1] https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2013/07/21/sim-cards...