To be fair though, can't you say the same about the title "software engineer". Without further qualifiers such a title can run quite the gamut of skill-sets.
Beyond that, there are labels that refer to specific technologies that get you even closer: Rails, Elixir, Django, React, QT, C#/Winforms, Verilog.
There really aren’t the equivalent shorthand filters in data science.
There are, though, right? The catch-all "Data Scientist" title is being split into Data Engineer, Machine Learning Engineer, Data/BI Analyst, etc. Each of those, in my experience, have clear definitions.