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All they're doing is looking for bank transactions to crypto exchanges in citizens' accounts. What this article doesn't tell, is that the current cryptocurrency taxation in Finland is unreasonable. You pay 30-34% tax on any profit, but you can not deduct losses.

If you had bought 1 BTC at $1000, another at $14000, and sold both at $3000 you would owe $600 in taxes even though you lost $9000.

You can imagine how people feel about paying these taxes, when they are so obviously flawed and unjust. Some people may owe hundreds of thousands in taxes even if they made no actual profit.

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I'm skeptical of this, and went looking for primary sources. The Finnish tax authority website seems to have a different example:

https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=fi&tl=en&js=y&prev... (from https://www.vero.fi/syventavat-vero-ohjeet/ohje-hakusivu/484... )

"Example 1: One person has in the past bought 1,000 bitcoins for 500 euros, ie one Bitcoin cost EUR 0.5. He later bought more 500 bitcoins for 500 euros, which means that one euro received one bitcoin at that time. After purchasing, he holds 1 500 bitcoins.

He sells 1 200 bitcoin at a time when one Bitcoin costs 1.5 euros. The sale of virtual currency realizes the taxation of the change in value, giving him a taxable income of EUR 1 800 - (EUR 500 + EUR 200) = 1,100 EUR. After the transaction, a person still has 300 bitcoins purchased for 300 euros. "

"Example 2: One person has in the past bought 1000 bitcoins, with one euro receiving two bitcoins. One Bitcoin cost EUR 0.5. After acquiring, he has owned 2,000 bitcoins.

He buys goods at a total of 1,000 bitcoins at a time when bitcoins cost ten euros per piece. He therefore purchases goods worth a total of EUR 10,000.

The acquisition of goods realizes the taxation of the change in the value of a virtual currency, giving him taxable income in this case as a capital income of EUR 10,000 - EUR 500 = EUR 9,500.

After purchasing the shop, there were still 1,000 bitcoins remaining for the purchase price of 500 euros. "

etc. There's another example which shows making a loss is not a taxable event.

Here's the key sentence which roughly translates into "Losses are not deductible" > "Sopimussuhteeseen liittyvät menetykset eivät ole tuloverolain mukaisessa verotuksessa vähennyskelpoisia."

Additionally, Example 3 is given to show how an actual loss of 500€ is not considered a loss in taxation and is not deductible.

The Finnish tax authorities use a First In First Out principle in crypto taxation. So if you buy 1 BTC for 10€, and later 1 BTC for 1000€, and later sell the 2 BTC for 20€, you have to pay taxes on the 10€ "profit". Even though you lost 990€ on the second BTC.

The third example lays out a situation where the loss is not deductable even though it is a real loss.

What worries me more is that this is an "instruction", but the tax authorities are not bound by instructions. And they are known to do as they want, even flouting European law (particularly when it is to do with car taxes, although not so much related to bitcoins.).

Lots of losses aren't deductible, there is no a-priori reason to assume bitcoin losses would be.

You can lobby to have tax treatment of cryptocurrency changed, of course, but you are still bound by the law(s) under which you are tax resident. And they all have weird corners.

Someone actually did the leg work and disproved you. How about saying “I was wrong” instead of careening off into conspiracy theories and unrelated grievances?

Disproved what? The previous commenter explained cases 1 and 2, I just mentioned the example in case 3 where loss is not deductable (I'm Finnish so I do read that fluently).

It only works that way if both of them are equally familiar with Finish culture.

You pay 30-34% tax on any profit, but you can not deduct losses.

Whether you made a profit or not doesn't have to be a consideration as far as tax goes. You pay a percentage of the capital amount when you choose to liquidate your asset. It's effectively a wealth tax. There are lots of taxes around the world that work this way. It sucks if you've made a loss, but that's not really the government's problem.

That doesn't sound right. The authorities in Finland specifically tax gains made with cryptocurrencies. You only pay tax if you make profit on any individual trade. But you can not deduct trades that made a loss.

It's not exactly a wealth tax, but it's also hard to consider a capital gains tax because you can't deduct losses. Treating other investment products this way would probably have horrific results, because it heavily disincentivizes taking on any risk.

If you buy stocks in a publicly traded Finnish company, then you're taking on a risk in the hope of making a profit. But you are also putting your money at work in the Finnish economy, stimulating job creation and growth. Everybody wins, hopefully.

If, on the other hand, you put down your money in bitcoin or at the online blackjack tables then you're gambling, not investing. Win or lose, your gamble creates zero domestic growth. Why should any government incentivize that?

What if you were to invest in a publicly traded non-Finnish company, let's say Apple? How do you think the government should treat that?

Apple might be a bad example, but I can't imagine them treating investing in, say, a German company different than a Finnish one. That would be discriminatory and would not be allowed under EU law.

Stocks aren't really a direct investment in a company like you're assuming.

Instead, investing in stocks and cryptocurrencies benefit the economy in very similar ways. In both cases, companies hold on to these assets, and can sell them to raise money for doing projects, buying companies, hiring employees, etc.

But government's probably shouldn't be incentivizing or de-incentivizing any investing. Saving money is sometimes the best thing to do with it.

> Why should any government incentivize that?

Well maybe they shouldn't, but it's shitty to apply this kind of policy retroactively. (I don't know when they actually announced the fact that you can't deduct losses.)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law#Finland

"Generally, the Finnish legal system does not permit ex post facto laws"

Strictly speaking I don't think this thing is a law, but rather a policy. Also the same paragraph continues

> In civil matters, such as taxation, ex post facto laws may be made in some circumstances.

This does sound strange. My understanding is that here in the US if you win a huge jackpot at a casino but then spend it all on slots (I don't know how or why anyone would do that but this is a thought experiment) over the year, you effectively don't owe any income tax on that jackpot.

If you win a huge jackpot, the casino withholds taxes on your winnings. However, you may be able to deduct gambling losses from your gambling winnings up to the amount of gambling winnings for that year, assuming you itemize your deductions.

On casinos and jackpots the individual doesn’t owe any taxes made by gambling winnings as they are paid by the casino/whatever in Finland.

> It sucks if you've made a loss, but that's not really the government's problem.

Perhaps the government shouldn't incentivize their residents to make suboptimal investments.

"It's not really the government's problem if they impoverish their citizens and hurt their economy."

> It's effectively a wealth tax.

No, it's a 30-34% wealth tax! (Or better, transaction tax.)

Wait... How is the inability to deduct losses OK in any government?

Yes, you have to pay taxes on the gains when you liquidate but you can offset that with any losses too

Well, all taxation can be considered unreasonable. It's true that the system doesn't work similarly for cryptocurrencies and stock, but that's no reason not to pay your taxes. It's not like the system came as a surprise to the people who sold crypto in 2017.

My personal experience is that most Finns whine about taxes, yet they also complain if healthcare and infrastructure and education isn't perfect and completely free. I feel that as a smart responsible adult it's better to be happy that I have income to pay taxes for, and be grateful of everything the taxes pay for. If I didn't like the way things are done in Finland, I'm free to move elsewhere (or take up politics, get elected and change everything the way I like it).

Well, yes but the parent is complaining about taxes on a net financial loss. This is really unjust and something difficult to support.

It sounds like it's being taxed like gambling rather than investing. You don't get to write off a massive loss at the casino, and if you have a net loss you still owe on the nights you came out ahead.

In the US gambling losses are deductible, to the limit of your winnings, according to this. https://www.google.com/amp/s/turbotax.intuit.com/tax-tips/jo...

But not in Finland. So at least their tax law has symmetry in this regard.

That is the same in all countries, everyone wants to pay less taxes and get everything for free.

There's a big difference between complaining about the tax level, or even the tax distribution, and what's going on here, which is completely insane. Paying taxes on a net loss is an absolutely crazy structure that no sane government should be imposing. It's so insane i'm skeptical it's even true, but if it is, he's absolutely right to be upset about it.

Your ethical argument is a bit weak. If society sees Bitcoin as a bad thing then there's no reason why they shouldn't slap a huge tax on any gross transaction, be it 34% or 340%. There are many ways to view cryptocurrencies in a bad light. It is a scheme that some claim seeks to subvert the fiat money systems that are controlled by these national tax authorities, so you can see why they would be upset. It is also, to a large extent, just gambling. Finally, it is a money system mainly used by organized criminals to launder money. In short there is no ethical argument against taxing it, any more than there is against US tax code for gambling (you cannot deduct a net gambling loss against your other income in USA).

Sure, but the claim isn't that this is a Bitcoin tax. The claim is that it's a tax on all capital gains. Which is unbelievably stupid.

> Finally, it is a money system mainly used by organized criminals to launder money.

Citation needed.

Why is it insane? Its like winning the power ball and then blowing it all on scratchers. You owe taxes on the win but can't necessarily deduct the losses.

Which, tbh, seems perfectly fine to me.

As someone else pointed out upthread, gambling losses are tax deductible to the extent of your winnings: https://turbotax.intuit.com/tax-tips/jobs-and-career/can-you...

In the US. Not in Finland.

A better analogy might be blackjack. Let's say you are playing blackjack for an hour, and at the end of that hour, you're up $1,000. But you decide to play for another hour, and now you're down $1,000. You think you should still have to pay tax on the transient $1,000 win?

This is even worse if you are a student who receives government aids: transactions are regarded as income (whether loss or profit) by the social insurance institution.

So in other words, if you buy Bitcoin for 1000 euros and sell it at 500, you have made efficiently 500 euros in "income." With the notion of the parent post, this makes trading unviable, because if you exceed 12K€ in income a year (in any form, be that employment etc.), you have to start paying back your living aids.

Whilst the apparent double counting doesn't seem fair, it also doesn't seem like a good idea for students who rely on government aid for their living costs to be speculating in risky exotic financial assets...

This is kind of off topic but we should really get rid of all income thresholds for government services and safety nets. They divide people and make them resent one another. I think we should instead make these programs available to all otherwise qualifying applicants (New York excelsior can keep the state residency requirement but should not be allowed to say it applies only to people who make under $125k a year).

If we "can't afford" to offer a program to all qualifying people regardless of income that means we don't have the political will to make the program happen and should get rid of it.

I sympathize with the consistency of a "pure universal" approach to policy, but like many purist policy philosophies, I don't think it would survive rigorous implementation.

For so many reasons. Chief among them, maybe, people are generally reluctant to support governments engaged in transfers of resources from themselves to billionaires.

An instance of "ignorance is bliss": people would rather see transfers of resources from themselves to billionaires through corporate welfare (often advocating for it in hopes of a better local economy) and special interest lobbying than direct, documented and smaller cash transfers.

If you provide the billionaire with food stamps, but tax them at 10% of their net worth (which would reduce them to a mere millionaire in ≈65 years), I'm not sure whether anyone would complain about the food stamps.

Wouldn't the billionaire just leave and move somewhere that doesn't reduce their total worth every year?

This happens even in Norway, where the wealth tax is 0.85% of net worth per year. So you'd have to have some wealth tax everywhere the well-off would want to move.

I prefer the simpler policy, but strongly oppose the 10% net worth tax!

> I'm not sure whether anyone would complain

Maybe the billionaires would complain? Or is their sacrifice necessary for your greater good?

I would also complain. It's unethical. And, we don't need yet another tax on the most value-bearing (and typically philanthropic) people in society, to be collected by the most violent organization in history, to dole out food stamps and other benefits in the most inefficient way possible.

>we don't need yet another tax on the most value-bearing (and typically philanthropic) people in society

If we assume for a moment that this is true, then why would this state of affairs be okay? Society cannot run on the philanthopy of billionaires.

Further, there's not very much evidence that this is actually true. In terms of largest individual contributions, yes, many billionaires make impressive donations and pay for valuable things, but that's the all-too-common fallacy of looking at absolute figures when it's relative figures that matter.

Ignoring that a lot of charity and philantropic work wouldn't even be _necessary_ in a world with less extreme wealth inequality, the idea that non-billionaires aren't proportionally charitable doesn't really hold much water.

> Society cannot run on the philanthopy of billionaires.

Well, it doesn't run on taxes either. Successful societies runs on voluntary exchange.

Given how much of the taxes are paid by the ultra wealthy (most of them), how philanthropic they are (very), and how wasteful the government is (impressively), why would you assume that voluntary philanthropy cannot replace involuntary, state-managed welfare?

We have many historical examples of government-based systems working. We have many historical examples of individual-based systems not working.

Everybody just submitting to the hope that billionaires will take pity on them might even work with a sufficiently benevolent overlord, but you get the same problem as so many alternatives to democracy have: If you concentrate all the power in one person, or a small set of people, it's a breeding ground for corruption. Even if your set of people is entirely benevolent, over time as that set of people change it becomes near certain eventually you'll get people who aren't benevolent, and then everyone is fucked.

Democracy, and taxation-based systems of governmental funding, are less efficient than the best possible case elsewhere, but are primarily valuable for massively reducing the risk and dangers of bad actors. Concentrating power among an elite class has historically always been a fantastic way of increasing the risk and dangers of bad actors instead.

> And, we don't need yet another tax on the most value-bearing (and typically philanthropic) people in society

Presuming you're talking about value-bearing in terms of job creation, this statement is tautological. In a society where a handful of people own the vast majority of the wealth, of course they're also the most value-bearing and philanthropic: they're the only ones who can be!

See, you're not complaining about the food stamps.

Yes, they are. However, programs which do not require meeting any qualifications are massively easier to implement, which can make them much cheaper overall - think of all of the bureaucracy required for applying for and evaluating if various people meet the thresholds for programs, plus all of the appeals processes.

Then it becomes two questions: is the cost of enforcing the thresholds greater than the cost of just giving it to everyone, and can the public be made to understand this rational tradeoff.

> However, programs which do not require meeting any qualifications are massively easier to implement, which can make them much cheaper overall -

I agree you can get some efficiency gains from eliminating thresholds.

Back of the napkin, though, you're talking about an implementation cost delta (ie, only threshold determination costs) that swamps the benefit-and all other implementation costs-by several multiples, maybe an order of magnitude, depending on the size of the targeted group.

But ok... Although it's not my intuition that threshold costs would significantly outstrip the savings from targeting, it's just a factual question. For the sake of argument, say that happens in a case.

Then yeah, that's a great candidate for universality.

If those are the cases you want to focus on... Are we then agreeing that universality is preferable only in those cases where it pays for itself?

Because that is totally consistent with my position. If you only want universality when it's cheaper then we already agree and can just defer to the CBO.

> Because that is totally consistent with my position. If you only want universality when it's cheaper then we already agree and can just defer to the CBO.

No, I am not trying to argue it will be cheaper. It will likely be more expensive and/or worse for everyone involved but I think it will bring us all together. I think it is worth the extra cost or degraded service.

It's also about helping young people who have parents who aren't filing taxes. I was poor and in this situation in college.

Yes. I know someone whose parents being very uncooperative is what made me think of this. My conspiracy theory is that politicians use these qualifiers to turn us into vote banks.

On the whole I think there's likely to be rather more resentment bred by cutting the subsidies of people that need them to ensure people that don't need them have equal access...

I understand where you are coming from, but let me add that this method of counting income applies to any investment income.

So say you put money into an index fund, but something unexpected happens. If you need to liquidate your savings while being a student, the government will slap your fingers for trying to think long-term.

Either way, I admit this only affects the poor -- if you are a bit better off you should be able to afford to incorporate an LLC for 2500€ (half a year rent where I live). By making yourself the sole owner of the company, you can get around all these problems, as juridically the LLC is a separate entity from you doing all the trading. This kind of setting is legal, but practically off limits for many.

Government aid for students is also practically unconditional in Finland and usually covers your rent and then some, basically making your own life instantly ramen profitable. This sounds utopistic to many, and it certainly is, but I think so much potential is lost by the government discouraging young people to take risks on their own.

Not really much of a concern, as you would have to be wealthy enough to have spare money to put into an index fund while retaining enough liquid assets to cover your living expenses.

By making yourself the sole owner of the company, you can get around all these problems, as juridically the LLC is a separate entity from you doing all the trading. This kind of setting is legal, but practically off limits for many.

Not even remotely true. SMLLCs are disregarded entities for tax purposes, so their transactions are taxed directly to their owners. And legally, the concept of veil-piercing applies to SMLLCs generally, and especially to undercapitalized SMLLCs (meaning any LLC without sufficient independent assets to pay off all liabilities against it).

> Not even remotely true. SMLLCs are disregarded entities for tax purposes, so their transactions are taxed directly to their owners. And legally, the concept of veil-piercing applies to SMLLCs generally, and especially to undercapitalized SMLLCs (meaning any LLC without sufficient independent assets to pay off all liabilities against it).

This is true in Finland, which has fewer forms of corporations than the US for example. The corporation can decide to not pay out all of its earnings to its sole shareholder, but in such situation, the company needs to pay an additional 20% tax for the retained amount of money, for conducting a successful year of operations. This is rarely a good idea, but in this case where the owner is subject to constraints of personal income imposed by the government, it might make sense.

If a student has money to gamble on Bitcoin, perhaps they don't deserve the grants.

These are not really grants.

Getting in early was an option as well.

In that case they wouldn’t be showing losses, though, would they?

I believe that any student buying Bitcoin for 1000 euros while receiving student benefits from the Finnish social security system should have all of their benefits immediately revoked. Same if they decided to invest 1000 euros of social security benefit money on ivory.

If one is a student who receives government aid, maybe one shouldn't be speculating in crypto-currencies.

You do realize that many students spend a portion of their income on beer and pizza even while getting government aid. I can't say crypto currency is any better, but whatever.

Pizza is food. People need food to survive. They don't need cryptocurrency...for anything.

cryptocurrency is money. People need money to survive.

Is this really the case? My expectation would be that you would be taxed on the net profits at the end of the year but would have no deductions on net losses at the end of the year. It's a bit skewed but I'm pretty sure that's how profits from overseas online gambling is taxed here in Denmark.

Either way, it would make sense to tax cryptocurrency trading by using the same tax code as other kinds of overseas online gambling.

It is. Net profits are not taxed, but the profits of any profitable trade are. Trades resulting in loss are ignored.

The tax authorities interpreted cryptocurrencies not as a currency or as a financial asset, but as "trade agreements", which allowed them to take this stance. I'm not sure why they would skew the taxation so far against taxpayers' favor.

> but the profits of any profitable trade are. Trades resulting in loss are ignored.

Kind of like lottery winnings are taxed where they are taxed. Or is there a country that not only taxes lottery wins but also makes lottery tickets a deductible expense?

It's an interpretation which might or might not be correct. If you are living in Finland and believe that this is incorrect, then you are free to go to court and make your case to a judge as to why the tax authority is wrong.

>You can imagine how people feel about paying these taxes, when they are so obviously flawed and unjust.

Yep, sounds like taxes. You can either pay them, or see how a judge responds when you refuse and call them flawed and unjust.

Jesus, you can’t deduct losses? If it is only for crypto, I gotta believe its a perverse way to dissuade citizens from investing in crypto.

These crypto tax articles become less and less relevant in the coming tax year as people are going to be filing losses, not gains. I expect headlines like “How to make sure you add up your crypto losses to the full amount”

> If it is only for crypto

I'm no expert, but from what I understand, you can't deduct losses from regular currency deposits, either.

Here is a decision from the Supreme Administrative Court in a case where someone had converted 460 000 EUR to USD and later converted them back to EUR with a loss of 30 000 EUR and wanted to deduct the loss from their capital gains tax (Finnish): http://www.kho.fi/fi/index/paatoksia/vuosikirjapaatokset/vuo...

It was denied as there is no clause in the Income Tax Act allowing such a deduction.

Tax Administration guidance (Finnish): https://www.vero.fi/syventavat-vero-ohjeet/ohje-hakusivu/489...

Income Tax Act (Finnish): https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1992/1992153

Just because you think a law is unreasonable, doesn't mean it does not apply. It might be unreasonable, but you still have to pay (or relocate, or find a loophole around it)

So, Finland doesn't have tax loss harvesting at all or is it specific only to cryptocurrency trading?

There are deductions to capital gains tax, but they do not apply here as cryptocurrencies are not considered property but instead an agreement between the users, if I understood correctly.

But regular currency trading losses are not deductible either (per KHO:2015:178), so I guess crypto is not really unfairly discriminated against in this case.

It only applies to cryptocurrencies.

Well not really. It is just that you can only deduct losses on things that the government deems to be investments which in the case of crypto currencies they don’t.

Wait until you hear how BTC transactions are taxed in Poland: they are subject to a 1% tax on civil law transactions (TCTL).

The worst part isn't that you pay 1% on transactions where you lost money. The worst part is that you are supposed to fill and send the tax form for each individual transaction. Now imagine automated trading, making hundreds of transactions per day - I suppose the cost of paper for printing those tax forms would outweigh any potential gains.

This is a similar complaint to that which people like Goldman Sachs have with taxation on shares...

Here comes the new financial system, same as the old one, with added bugs.

I think it's good because it encourages crypto speculators and miners to emigrate somewhere else where they are more welcome

The hodl subsidy

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