Edge is a bit of a marketing term, we all might end up using something else to describe this down the road. Edge normally means "servers that are very close to your users".
CDNs are specialized edges for caching HTTP content. Edge Apps are a lower level concept than CDNs, but you can picture the same thing. We have servers all over the world, we distribute your code to them, your users connect to whichever is closest to them.
Heroku, and most of gcloud, are location specific. You deploy code, it runs in Ashburn Virginia, your users traverse the internet to connect to your apps (which adds latency).
Our Edge Apps are most likely to replace a CDN, not replace your app hosted on Heroku. Lots of our customers run centralized apps and then write JavaScript to enhance them by caching partials close to users, or optimizing content as it gets shipped to users.
In the circles I'm in, that's definitely not true. Purely anecdotal of course, but Edge definitely refers to a browser made by Microsoft around here.
This may sound like FUD but I'd strongly encourage people to stop spending too much time on edge or internet explorer. Just do the bare minimum and focus on Chrome/Firefox. It is better for everyone. I am very disappointed that Microsoft decided to bundle edge with Windows showing yet again they don't get it. Microsoft should be able to update edge separately of Windows. Without this, corporate users (pretty much the only reason to support ie/edge) will still be behind the curve for a long time.
Fly Edge, Cloudflare Workers, AWS Lambda@Edge all take your code, deploy it atomically to 50+ datacenters located in almost every continent / developed-ish country, and run it in a "serverless" mode in response to HTTP requests on the closest edge to the request. They run your code in an on-demand container mesh that loads it up when there's actually a request for it, so you just pay for the total amount of time that your code runs.