I think the most interesting and relevant strand of philosophy of mind is the connectionism of Rumelhart, McClelland and the PDP Research Group (including "godfather of deep learning" Geoff Hinton), exemplified in the tome "Parallel Distributed Processing" released in 1986

It even has an accompanying manual on how to implement artificial neural networks.

http://www.cnbc.cmu.edu/~plaut/IntroPDP/index.html

More along this line is found in David Marr's Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9WcIiSCDqhE

There is a spiritual successor to the PDP books called "Rethinking Innateness: A connectionist perspective on development" lead by Jeffery Elman who did some of the first research on Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs). It makes heavy reference to Chomsky's work on language and innateness

https://crl.ucsd.edu/~elman/Papers/book/index.shtml

This line of work even has heavyweight ancestors in Donald Hebb's work on the neural basis of learning in "The Organization of Behavior" (1949) and the noted austrian economist(?)/classical liberal and anti-communist Frederick Hayek covered similar lines in his book "The Sensory Order" (1952)

I think this tradition is carried on in the work of Yann Lecun, who recently released a talk titled "Deep Learning, Structure and Innate Priors"

http://www.abigailsee.com/2018/02/21/deep-learning-structure...