Not quite the same effect. The 3DS does have an actual 3D image, but you only get a fixed view of it, since the viewing angle for seeing 3D was very narrow. This is fake 3D (hence Trompe l'Oeil), but lets you view the "3D" object from a wide range of angles, since it works via head tracking.
Both have their advantages, but they're not the same thing.
That being said, the Nintendo DSi (the predecessor to the 3DS) did have a trompe l'oeil 3D game, called "Looksley's Line Up". It had a ton of charm, but the DSi's camera wasn't powerful enough to support the feature well. For whatever reason (price), Nintendo sticks with low quality cameras. Still, I've always hoped that Looksley's Line Up will eventually make its way to another system.