> (not sure about the modern Russia)
Highly dependent on the hospital and provider you have. Modern Russian does have a general government health care for most things, but you can also get private insurance. For the general care, you usually end up going to a local community clinic. For paid insurance, typically you can get a home visit within a few hours from a doctor who does the basics and writes you a doctors note for sick leave. (My experience has been that the sick leave is pretty generous; last time I had the flu I was given a week's rest, then for my follow up the doctor told me to take another 3 days)
It's not perfect for other things, but compared to the health care situation I had when still living in the US, this facet is far better. (at my last job in the US, both Insurance and my Work Place refused to approve sick leave for a summary from my in-network GP that suggested that a treatment required several days of recovery after some radiation therapy. They said I'd have to go to another clinic to have the situation reviewed; the second clinic decided I was fit to work so my choices were either burn vacation days or sign a form to accept time off without pay during recovery.)