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Source-based distros essentially do that, they just cache the binaries.

Various research OSs are JIT-based, of course. It looks like JX (a Java operating system) caches its native code, so it's not 'pure JIT' https://github.com/mczero80/jx/blob/5fbeae79/libs/compiler_e...

It looks like Cosmos (a C# operating system) does the same https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IL2CPU

Or how about a fuser filesystem on Linux to do the same? That sounds like an interesting idea. Just don't make the mistake of accidentally typing some obscenely large binary like firefox, chrome, or clang...

I think it would need to be integrated into the package management system pretty tightly (or have one of its own) to get all of the shared library dependencies.

Wouldn't be difficult to modify FreeBSD to do that. /usr/ports is just a little more than one indirection away.