Section 2.2.1 states:

>"An attacker discovers or causes the creation of ‘confused deputy’ code which allows the attacker to cause speculative operations to reveal information not normally accessible to the attacker."

Can someone say what ‘confused deputy’ code means here? This is not a term I have ever come across before.

The authors then go on to state:

>"If the attacker can identify an appropriate ‘confused deputy’ in a more privileged level, the attackermay be able to exploit that deputy in order to deduce the contents of memory accessible to that deputy but not to the attacker."

Here the reference is to an "appropriate 'confused deputy.' Are these just weasel words? Can someone shed some light on "confused deputies" and what makes one "appropriate"?