I don't agree with most if any of the list in the article, but you are in a filter bubble if you are unaware of the large swaths of the US and other parts of the world where these attitudes are tolerated if not prevalant.
You wont be fired in most parts of the world for saying that kind of stuff.
I don't feel like I can say this around my office (big 4 bank, Melbourne).
I said "most", so yes there are definitely cases like the one you mention. In general, the larger the corporation, the more likely your freedom to have "diverse" opinions is diminished.
No. Most of these are pretty mainstream moderate to conservative positions. Depending on how you measure it, roughly half the country believes at least some of the stuff on that list.
Perhaps yours is really more of a comment about the homogeneity of the company you keep than on the universality of their beliefs?
I'd say most liberal metro areas, with slightly more leniency in the midwest. I imagine it's worst in SF/SV, but that's just my subjective view based on a few visits.