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Q# code is run on a quantum virtual machine; which is a program that simulates a quantum computer on a classical computer.

Quantum computers can be simulated by classical computers up to a certain point. Like that article says, a 30 qubit quantum computer can be simulated on a laptop. Microsoft is simulating up to 40 qubits on Azure. Simulating around 50 qubits or so would need one of the world's most powerful supercomputer.

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Quantum computers can be simulated by classical computers up to a certain point.

Note that the 'certain point' here is a practical limit of time/efficiency. In terms of computability, anything that can be computed on a quantum computer can be computed on a classical computer with exponential slowdown. It's the exponential slowdown that results in the practical limit.

And anything that can be computed on a classical computer can be computed with pebbles, the practical limits matter. ;-)

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