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"similar diet" .. All of the Amish communities I know produce all of their own food. I never see them as customers in restaurants or buying anything other than basic ingredients in stores.

I'm sure it happens, but it would be extremely difficult to find people who have similar diets as the Amish, as you'd have to grow your own food and butcher your own animals to achieve a similar level of diet.

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It's not similar diet to the outside world. But the two Amish groups with and without the mutation have similar diets so the Amish without the mutation act as the control group and have 7% incidence of T2D while the Amish group with the mutation have 0%.

Presumable the p-value for normal Amish 7% vs. rest-of-US 8% is not significant in the numbers they studied, but the 7% vs. 0% was.

I think this is comparing Amish people with the mutation vs. Amish people without the mutation. Both groups are Amish eating Amish food in Amish communities with other Amish.

I'm pretty sure you could have fit just one more "Amish" in that sentence.

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