Amish Mutation Protects Against Diabetes and May Extend Life

If nothing else, this is a case for epigenetics. But to promote that you are your genes, nothing more and nothing less, feels irresponsible, at best.

>>The total cost of diabetes and prediabetes in the U.S. is $322 billion. - The average price of insulin increased nearly 3 times between 2002 and 2013. - People with diabetes have health care costs 2.3 times greater than those without diabetes http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics/infograph...

Paper: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao1617

Researchers have found a noteworthy effect on longevity in a small study population that includes the only known individuals with a loss of function mutation in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Individuals with the mutation live seven years longer on average than near relatives without it. Repeating the study with larger groups of people obviously isn't a practical option in the case of rare mutations - we're stuck with the family trees that the research community is fortunate enough to identify - but one nonetheless has to wish for more individuals, in order to obtain a more reliable confirmation, when an effect of this size is reported. It means taking a step back to revisit questions we've asked ourselves about the odds of finding significant longevity-enhancing mutations in our species, based upon the absence of results for the past twenty years of searching.

This is also a finding that can and probably should be taken as support for current work on elimination of senescent cells as a potential rejuvenation therapy. PAI-1 isn't a gene pulled from thin air in this context. It is well studied for its influence on aging, and appears to be one of the driving regulators of the harmful effects of cellular senescence. Lingering senescent cells accumulate with age, and secrete a mix of damaging signal molecules that produce chronic inflammation, damage tissue structure, and alter the behavior of nearby cells for the worse. This is known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), and PAI-1 is involved in both the SASP and in some of the processes by which cells become senescent. Studies show that inhibition or loss of PAI-1 reduces some of the harms now known to be associated with senescent cell presence, and in doing so slows measures of aging.

There is all sorts of past research into PAI-1 and senescent cells that we might choose to draw lines between. To pick one example, PAI-1 inhibition can slow atherosclerosis, just as can removal of senescent foam cells in atherosclerotic plaque. There are no doubt overlapping mechanisms here, though it seems clear that reducing PAI-1 levels has a variety of other effects as well. Those effects can't be all that terrible given the existence of a lineage of thriving human mutants lacking PAI-1, something that is always a good demonstration to have in hand. There are a few other beneficial mutations with a small human population to examine, such as those related to reduced blood lipids or myostatin loss of function; we may see many of these lines of research result in therapies in the years ahead.

And yet! While there will no doubt be an avalanche of funding into bringing PAI-1 inhibitors to the clinic, ask yourself this: if tinkering with a fraction of the harmful secretions of senescent cells is this beneficial, how much better will it be to remove these damaging cells entirely via senolytic therapies? All of those involved in this field should spend more time than they do on work with a higher expectation value, I believe.

1: https://www.snpedia.com/index.php/Rs1799889