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Is it possible to use Kafka Streams wtihout Kafka by listening and processing events from another source?

I would say no, because kafka stream use the internal kafka method of partitions to be able to scale.

I do think it is technically possible base on my understanding of pulsar

- pulsar provides an failover subscription mode, which seems to be the equivalent of partition rebalancing of consumer group in kafka. https://pulsar.incubator.apache.org/docs/latest/getting-star...

- it has partitioned topics as well.

- it supports idempotent producing and have effectively-once delivery semantic.

It seems to have all the kind of primitives for kafka streams. to use.